New Home

We made it! Mom, Dad and I made it to Champaign-Urbana on Friday afternoon. It's about an eight hundred mile journey from Fargo to this spot in East Central Illinois. I'm living in an apartment, smack dab in the middle of a bunch of Greek houses, just outside of the University of Illinois campus. It's pretty exciting.

U of I, like NSDU, graduated their seniors yesterday. As U of I has about 40,000 students, it was a pretty big deal. Ironically, Mom wore an orange shirt, while Dad wore a dark blue shirt and together they represented the Fighting Illini well... Especially fitting for graduation day.

After I got my Champaign Public Library card (awesome, yes) I drove some of the backroads south and west of town. I ended up making it to Decatur, Illinois and headed back to be in bed before 10:30. The farmland here is incredible... I was told that, on average, land still goes for about $12,500 an acre. I look forward to seeing how productive this soil really is throughout the summer.

While driving to Decatur I looked at the alternating fields of corn and soybeans. Corn seems to be the majority, with soybeans planted where corn isn't. I passed probably two winter wheat fields, which, compared to winter wheat fields back home, look incredible and are ready to head soon.

The soybeans are at unifoliate stage and corn is anywhere from V2 - V3.

Corn at about V3

Tomorrow morning I'm flying out to Raleigh, North Carolina for training at BASF headquarters. Onto the next adventure!

Soils of Central Illinois

The best way to get to know a new area is by getting to know its soils.

Okay, it may not be the best way but it's a pretty darn good way to do it.

As I mentioned in a previous post, I will be moving to east central Illinois this summer. Curious about the nature of the soils there, I did some exploring on Web Soil Survey to get a little "dirt" on the area. 

For a little background on the soil in Champagin County, I decided to look up the block diagram for the soils there.

Block Diagram for soil series in Champaign County, Illinois

Block Diagrams offer a general overview on the parent material of different soils in a county and general relief of the area. On the diagram we can see different names. Each of these names, Elliott, Varna, Ashkum, and Ozaukee, are different soil series. Soil series are names given to types of soil that have distinct characteristics. There are over 19,000 unique soil series in the United States!

In the case of the Block Diagram for Champaign County, we can see that glacial till is overlain with loess sediments and colluvium. These different parent materials mean that the soils formed in each will have different characteristics. 

Before getting into the properties of each of these series, it's important to know what loess and colluvium is. Loess, as defined by the Illinois State Geological Survey, are silty materials which are primarily wind-blown in origin or derived from wind blown sediments. Colluvium is a term given to loose, unconsolidated material, deposited at the base of hills by water or downslope creep.

The official soil series description for each soils can be found in a link for each soil series name: Elliott, Varna, Ashkum, and Ozaukee.

Elliott, Varna, and Ashkum are all considered to be of the soil order mollisols. Ozaukee is the odd ball as it is in the soil order alfisol.

All of the soil are fairly deep, meaning that their A horizons are of considerable thickness, i.e. 20 inches or more. This lends to the soils productivity in terms of crop production.

This is just a little overview of the soils of Champaign County, but it's important to know that there is a mix of soils formed on thick loess deposits, thin loess deposits, and colluvium. 

Saline Soils - What's the Remedy?

Recently in a Cropping Systems class discussion, the topic of saline soils came up. Saline soils, as defined by Dr. David Franzen in an NDSU Extension Bulletin titled Managing Saline Soils in North Dakota, are soils that "have salt levels high enough that either crop yields begin to suffer or cropping is impractical."

Saline soil in Western North Dakota - affected soil is white

Salinity is of great concern for North Dakota agriculturalists. Across the state, about 8,700,000 acres are affected by salinity that limits the growth of plants. 

Although it would be pertinent to get into detail and explain how salinity negatively effects plants and why it is cause for such concern, that is not the reason I am writing this blog post. To learn more about how salinity effects plants and why it is an issue in ND, I would recommend watching this half hour documentary on Soil Salinity in ND called Salt of the Earth. 

The reason I am writing is to discuss strategies to manage saline soil. There is no short term solution and managing this problem isn't easy.

Before I go into what will work, I want to briefly touch on what WON'T work. 

Managing saline soils as SODIC soils, will not work. Sodic soils are soils which are affected by high levels of sodium and exhibit the negative effects of dispersion which cause massive soil structure (or lack of, which prevents water infiltration and causes severe crusting when dry) and water ponding.

Sodic and Saline soils are not the same and must not be treated as such. 

With that being said, adding lime (CaCO3) or gypsum (CaSO4) to manage saline soil will NOT work. While both materials are used to manage sodic soils, neither will help to manage saline soils. Again, saline soils are soils affected by an excess amount of salts, such as calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate. Adding more salts (lime and gypsum) will not help in managing saline soils. 

Now on to what will work.

According to the aforementioned Extension Bulletin from Dr. Franzen, soil salinity can be managed through: 

• Tile drainage
• No-till or reduced/minimum tillage
• Selecting crop varieties based on tolerance to salinity
• Seeding in saline areas when salinity levels are lowest (from snowmelt or spring rains)
• Not fallowing (fallow means to leave an area bare, or without a crop for an extended period of time to build up moisture; bare soil can accentuate a salinity problem)
• Using crops with long roots and long growing seasons to control ground water depth

Salinity problems don't go away after one growing season. They aren't easy to deal with and they are here for the long haul. 

Illinois

In two weeks and a day I will be loading half of my belongings into a car and driving deep into the Midwest for my summer internship. The final destination? Champagin, Illinois.

*Champaign-Urbana - From Apple Maps

During the summer months I will be completing a Technical Crop Production Internship with BASF based out of a research farm location in Seymour, Illinois, just outside of Champaign-Urbana.

It would be a ridiculous understatement to say that I am excited.

It's been a goal of mine for a while to complete an internship somewhere far (relatively) away from North Dakota to experience a different type of agriculture, crop production, and area. After spending summers working in South Dakota and Minnesota, I am finally going to achieve that goal.

To better acquaint myself with the area and prep for some adventures, I am going to post about Illinois and its economy, agriculture, landscape, and people. I hope to keep up with the blog throughout the summer to document the area I'm working with and any road trips.

My date to leave for Illinois is fast approaching! Time to learn more about one of the nation's leading corn producing states.

Pasqueflower or Crocus?

This weekend I am excited to go back home to western North Dakota and head out to the pastures.

Why the pastures, you ask?

Crocuses.

As the surest and earliest sign of spring, the crocus brightens up drab pastures.

Although their beauty cannot be denied, their common name can be. Calling the flowers crocuses is a bit of a misnomer.

Crocus itself is a genus assigned to a group of flowering plants in the iris family. Certain varieties of crocus are cultivated to produce saffron, said to be the world's most expensive spice (The styles and stigmas of these crocuses are harvested for saffron).

Actual crocus, photo courtesy of University of Illinois Extension's "Spring Flowering Bulbs" page.

If the pasture crocuses of North Dakota aren't crocuses, what are they?

The pasture flower is Pulsatilla patens, a species found in the Ranunculaceae, or buttercup family.

Why has there been confusion on what a crocus is or isn't?

The common names given to what I have always called a crocus include Eastern pasqueflower, prairie smoke, prairie crocus, cutleaf anemone, and others.

With this information, I will do my best to remember to qualify what I have always called a crocus with the word prairie, and extinguish the misnomer I have habitually perpetuated when naming the beautiful sign of spring.

No-Till in the Spotlight

Not often do soil management practices get the attention of big name newspapers like The New York Times... Neither do North Dakota farmers. 

However, this week was different. Both were featured in the NYT in an article titled "Farmers Put Down the Plow for More Productice Soil." (http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/03/10/science/farmers-put-down-the-plow-for-more-productive-soil.html?smid=tw-nytimes&_r=3&referrer=) 

Adoption of this soil management practice is spotty throughout the United States. Despite its benefits, there are hang ups to the practice. One of those hang ups is the comfort of continuing to do what has always been done. 

A quote that stuck out to me in the article about this subject came at the end. "You can’t no-till because you haven’t buried your father yet.”

Change can be hard but it isn't always bad. Unfortunately, change is even harder to accomplish in the agriculture. However, if we want to accomplish our goal of feeding everyone on the planet, change will be required, uncomfortable as it may be.  

Transgenics: More Common Than We Think

The use of transgenic technology in agriculture has been an unwarranted point of contention in the eyes of the general public since their introduction to crops in the early 1990s.

Transgenic organisms, or organisms that carry foreign genes inserted deliberately (source) are not used exclusively in agriculture. Insulin used for sufferers of diabetes is produced through a transgenic process and many biological experiments involve transgenic animals for scientific purposes.

A recent article from The Economist suggests, with research from Cambridge University, suggest that transgenic organisms are more ubiquitous that we might think; their research suggests humans contain genes from organisms other than our ancestors.

If transgenic crop plants are as "bad" as many say they are based on their "unnatural" genes, us humans are just as "bad".

"Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation"

I read an interesting article this week about the use of radiation in plant breeding.

In a nutshell, radiation is used to expose seeds and randomly mix up their genetic material. This mixing causes random mutations; some of these mutations can be useful, some cannot.

Some beneficial mutations that have been found through radiation include tougher shells for peanuts, higher yielding varieties of barley, dwarf rice varieties, and the famous Ruby Red grapefruit. Many more commodities and produce have been created through this process.

Read more about it here. 

Metallica and Dying Weeds

Late last Saturday night, as I was sitting in the Minnesota State University Moorhead planetarium watching a laser show coordinated to Metallica music, I realized something. I had completely forgotten to write three blog posts for last week.

Because of this, it is my goal to finish six blog posts by the end of this week. (Not because I think I'll get my points back) but because I agreed to write three blog posts a week for my Business and Professional Writing class.

To start off this week's set of posts, I want to share some beautiful videos.

The Ohio State University Department of Weed Science released a set of time-lapse videos showing the effect different modes of action on weeds they are effective on. The fourteen videos can be found here.

Weeds dying? That's a wonderful site.

Besides aesthetic pleasure, these videos are useful for farmers to see and understand how different herbicides make plants look after the initial application. They also provide a great visual for farmers to understand how long an herbicide might take to have a visual affect on the plant. 

My favorite part of the videos? Moving the time slider back and forth to show the plant go from dying to living and back again.

Check them out. The videos are wonderful.

Spring Excitement

As February comes to an end, the only thing that makes me okay with 2015 moving so fast is that March is quickly approaching and that means planting season is almost upon us. 

In honor of the upcoming transition of winter to spring, I am going to post some favorite pictures of being out in the field to get everyone thinking (probably a little prematurely) about the spring that is soon approaching.

Enjoy!

I may be just a little impatient to get out into the field...

Scoop.it - A New Way to Gather Thoughts

Back in November I attended a conference called Agriculture Future of America Leaders Conference, or AFA's AFALC, for short. I was a participant in Track 4, the conference's latest addition to its premier leadership program. One of the breakout sessions for Track 4 was led by James Spello, a technology guru. He let us know what bits of technology were in the pipeline for consumers and which technologies on the internet would be useful for us as college students and advocates for agriculture.

One of the technologies he informed us about was called "Scoop.it", a website that allows users to gather and curate bits of internet information. As a voracious reader of online bits of news and media, I thought that getting a profile on "Scoop.it" would be a great way to organize my thoughts and also a convenient link to direct people who ask me the question, "What have you been reading lately?" 

Finally, after months of thinking about it and telling myself I should put a profile together and keep it up, I've gotten myself a "Scoop.it" account. It can be found here. Right now I have just one page that serves as a collection area for articles/news stories/videos that I found to be important or inspirational to me, personally.

In the future I hope to create other sections that reflect the bookmarks I keep on Safari. These would include mostly areas from agriculture like "pesticides", "plant science", "soil science", etc. My hope is that by me curating these little collections I could help people find credible information on hot button issues causing a stir in agriculture and ag's consumer base. 

From what I've done with the site this week, I am really enjoying Scoop.it and encourage you to make a profile as well if you're interested in keeping a more visual record of your bookmarks or are interested in generating response from certain audiences. 

NDSU Ag Week

Although a long time coming, North Dakota State University will finally be holding a weeklong event celebrating the university's roots: agriculture.

The NDSU Ag Week Coalition, a group of students representing almost all of the NDSU College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources's student organizations, has been holding meetings since late last year to set up and organize activities for the week.

NDSU hasn't always been called NDSU. Starting in 1890, North Dakota Agricultural College opened its doors to students as a land-grant university, provided for by the Morrill Act. The mission of land-grant universities, as stated in the 1862 Morrill Act, is to focus on teaching of practical agriculture, science, military science and engineering.

Agriculture has been and continues to be a huge part of the North Dakota economy. The prevalence of agriculture in ND and related opportunities is reflected in the size of the NDSU CAFSNR. The CAFSNR is the second largest college on NDSU's campus, just behind the College of Engineering.

Activities for NDSU's Ag Week will begin on Monday, April 13th and will proceed until Friday, April 17th. Throughout the week NDSU students, faculty, employees and Fargo community members can take part in the following exciting activities:

- Available for purchase on Monday - Purchasing of new NDSU CAFSNR T-Shirts
- Monday Grill-Out on Shepperd Lawn
- Tuesday is Meat Day and the day of the Beef 5K
- Wednesday is Grain Day and the first day Farmland is available for viewing on campus
- Thursday is Dairy Day and Play 360 games will be played on campus
- Friday is Banquet day where the top 10 seniors in the CAFSNR will be recognized and where Steve Stark will give a keynote address

Information about the week and its activities can be found by following this link.

When Nashville Gets Ice[d]

Last week I mentioned I was in Nashville, Tennessee for the National Young Farmers & Ranchers Conference with Farm Bureau. The conference as a whole was great. The discussion meet went well, our delegation met new agriculturalists from across the country and the breakout sessions allowed us to learn more about what's going on in different parts of the agriculture world.

The only downside to the conference was Monday. On Monday, conference attendees were supposed to go on tours in different parts of the state to either look at specific farming operations in TN or aspects of history pertinent to the area. A couple of students from NDSU and I were supposed to go on a Civil War tour in the area.

However, even the best laid schemes of mice and men often go awry. Starting Monday morning the city was pounded by a heavy ice storm. Inside the confines of our hotel we watched heavy rain beat down onto the plants and roads outside and then freeze into a slushy mess.

Thick slush outside the hotel; check out the water fountain icicles!

The heavy rain caused thick ice and Nashville was paralyzed. There were to be no tours on Monday and no trips to visit Civil War historic sites. Luckily for our group, a friend from Illinois brought The Farming Game with him so we stayed inside all day and experience the unpredictability of farming and agriculture with the help of a board game.

Arrivals and Departures at Nashville International Airport February 17th, 2015

Our group was lucky the next day as well; many of the flights going in and out of Nashville were cancelled. Attendees from New Mexico had to rent vans to drive back to New Mexico because flights wouldn't be going out that way until Thursday.

I'll never forget the ice storm that hit Nashville. I've often poked fun of how sensitive Southerners are to a little bit of snow. However, when storms happen in the South, like they did this past Monday, they get ice, not snow. I've seen first hand how dangerous those conditions can be and am thankful to have gained the experience of a southern ice storm.

North Dakota Agri-Women

Around Easter last year, I decided to apply for a scholarship through my sorority, Sigma Alpha, to attend a Fly-In in Washington, D.C. with American Agri-Women. I didn't think too much about it; I applied and waited with hopes I would be accepted to go.

About three days before the conference was to begin, I got an email saying I had won the scholarship and would be able to attend the Fly-In. Because of the short noticed, I frantically purchased plane tickets and hoped for safe travels. Two days later, just before I was to leave for D.C., I was at the North Dakota FFA convention to sell pop for an on-campus organization. While hauling water from my car to Bentson/Bunker Fieldhouse, I noticed someone walk by with a North Dakota Agri-Women name tag.

Still not knowing what I was getting myself into by attending the Fly-In, I decided that I would ask this woman with an Agri-Women name tag for her advice. Brash? Maybe. But I'm glad I asked. The woman I introduced myself to is the current state treasurer for North Dakota Agri-Women and she was more than happy to explain what Agri-Women do at the state and national levels. NDAW works on the state level to unify and serve as a voice for women in agriculture across the state. The group is in a state of renewed growth right now; it once had many more members than it does now but times for the group grew thin as interest waned from the mid-90s to the late 2000s. 

The AAW Fly-In group in D.C.

This afternoon NDAW held its annual meeting in Hillsboro. I was fortunate enough to attend and get a glimpse of what the group plans to do in the next year. A really cool way that NDAW promotes agriculture is by presenting a bond and gift basket to the first baby born in North Dakota on National Agriculture Day. Women on the committee drive to wherever the baby is born and present the prize in person. What a great and selfless way to promote ag. 

I look forward to becoming more involved and learning more about the organization. There are so many women across the state and nation that are knowledgeable about their operations and agriculture that can make a difference with NDAW and it's my hope to help promote NDAW so more of them can see the value in joining and participating. 

Cake to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of AAW.

West Coast Port Agreement

Late last night negotiators representing West Coast dockworkers reached an agreement that will most likely end a longstanding labor dispute that has crippled seaport transportation on the West Coast. You can read more on the story here from AP.

The docks that serve as hubs for international trade have been blocked up because of this labor dispute. According to the article, at ports in Long Beach, California, there are up to 30 ships waiting to be unloaded.

This dispute and consequent marring of the United States import/export logistics system has had a negative effect on the nation's agricultural trade. In the article, AP says, "Farm exports suffered. McDonald's in Japan, for example, began rationing fries because of a potato shortage. Apple, nut and hay producers all said they were losing out to foreign competitors. The meet industry tallied its losses in the tens of millions of dollars."

In a year where profit margins for agricultural commodity producers are thin, it's paramount that prices for these producers grow as high as possible. Unfortunately, this blip in trade does not help out the cause. Late shipments of products to other countries hurts our reputation of delivering goods reliably helping to reduce our competitiveness with other countries that supply the same ag goods. My hope is that on Monday, when futures begin trading again, that prices rally for ag commodities in response to this good news.

American Farm Bureau Federation Young Farmers & Ranchers Program

This weekend I am spending time in Nashville, Tennessee for the AFBF Young Farmers & Ranchers program. NDSU has a collegiate chapter of Farm Bureau and I have had the opportunity to participate and discuss ag issues within the organization for the past three and a half years.

One of the features of the AFBF YF&R conference is the collegiate discussion meet. The discussion meet is a contest where participants are presented with a question related to and issue in agriculture or Farm Bureau and are given the task of coming to a consensus on a feasible solution.

I was fortunate to enough to compete in the collegiate discussion meet this year. The questions we were given this morning included, "How would the condition of government-managed public lands change if they were managed privately? What are the pros and cons of government ownership of land versus private ownership?" and "The farm bill crop insurance provisions offer a safety net for crop loss due to natural disaster and/or price risk. Should a safety net for livestock producers be developed, and what provisions might it include?"

In each round of the discussion meet this morning four other participants and I from across the country brought points to the discussion specific from our geographic region that furthered the discussion. On the first question, our group came to the conclusion that both publicly and privately managed lands have their advantage, and that there are pros and cons of government ownership. 

On the second, our group came to the consensus that free markets work but safety nets are necessary for livestock producers for unexpected natural disasters, like the blizzard that hit SW South Dakota early October 2013. 

The delegation to NDSU Collegiate Farm Bureau members are set to attend breakout sessions on different aspects of Ag tomorrow and Monday, along with keynote speakers and Ag/historical tour of the Nashville area.

Pictures to come later!

High Protein Wheat in Drought Conditions vs. Low Protein Wheat in High Yielding Conditions: Why?

To say that I enjoy my Cropping Systems: An Integrated Approach class would be to greatly understate the truth. Every Monday, Wednesday and Friday I go into the class thinking I know a lot about crop production but leave the class realizing there is so much more to learn.

This morning our class's task was to figure out why a farmer from Central North Dakota, who fertilized with nitrogen enough for a 60 bushel/acre wheat crop with 14% protein ended up with 100 bushel/acre crop with 12% protein instead.

Providing some context will be necessary to best explain the problem at hand.

Hard Red Spring Wheat is the main wheat grown in North Dakota. This is different from hard red winter wheat, primarily grown throughout the Southern Plains. HRSW is also different from durum wheat, soft red winter wheat, hard white wheat, and soft white wheat, all grown in the United States in different areas.

Different types of wheat are grown for different end uses. For example, durum is used for pasta because of its exception hardness. Different types of wheat are grown because they thrive in different environments. HRSW is especially grown, and grown in North Dakota, for its end use as a superior bread wheat, thanks to its high protein content. HRSW grown in North Dakota can thank its famous protein content to the environmental conditions that allow for optimal grain filling conditions.

Now, getting into the problem presented to our class. One would think that a %167 increase in yield would be a wonderful thing. However, when farmers have wheat that doesn't meet a minimum protein standard (around 14%) the price they receive per bushel decreases and sometimes the extra yield produced in the field at low protein isn't enough to cover this dockage.

If percent protein of a HRSW crop is so important, how can a farmer make sure he gets the right protein percentage at the end? Well, he or she can't do much. Some varieties of HRSW are bred to have higher protein than other varieties, but what it ultimately comes down to is the weather.

An important component of protein is nitrogen. Nitrogen must be available to wheat kernels in order for the kernels to have protein in the end. 80% of the nitrogen used for protein in wheat kernels is taken up before anthesis, or grain fill. The remaining 20% of nitrogen used for protein in wheat kernels is taken up after anthesis. What this ultimately means is that most of the nitrogen used for protein synthesis MUST be taken up and be available for the plant to use before grain fill occurs.

The 80% of nitrogen for protein that is already in the plant before anthesis is stored in the leaves as RuBisCo. This nitrogen becomes available as plant leaves senesce, or die. Plant leaves die in dry and hot conditions. Therefore, it would be optimal for grain fill of wheat to occur during a hot and dry time to make available all of the nitrogen from RuBisCo for the kernels.

When is the hottest and driest part of a North Dakota growing season? Late July, early August. That's why HRSW continues to be grown in North Dakota. We have the optimal conditions for high protein HRSW.

What happens if there aren't hot and dry conditions that make nitrogen from RuBisCo available for the kernels? Grain with a lower protein content. There is usually a negative relationship seen in wheat between yield and protein. Farmers usually end up high in one area and low in the other. This has to do with how nitrogen becomes available to the plant, as discussed above.

So what about the farmer that ended up with 100 bu/acre of wheat? Most likely, conditions throughout the growing season were perfect for a cool-season crop like wheat to grow profusely and produce a high yield of grain. Conditions were most likely cool and wet and the leaves of the wheat plants didn't senesce enough to allow for a release of stored nitrogen in RuBisCo.

Before today's class, I knew that there was a relationship between hot weather and high protein and cool weather and high yield but I had no idea why. Today's class was a huge eye opener and it makes me so excited to go back home to the wheat producing corner of the state I grew up in and share this awesome information with my neighbors.

HRSW on my grandfather's farm in North Central North Dakota.

Interesting Ag News: Cattle Rustling

While looking through some ag news this evening, I came across a news story that piqued my interest. In Oklahoma, ranchers are seeing an increase in cattle thefts. The article, by Reuters, goes on to state that a high percentage of those that are stealing cattle are methamphetamine users who in turn sell the stolen cows to pay for their drug addictions.

According to the article, cattle thefts cost Oklahoma ranchers $4.5 million in 2014. Anyone who has driven through Oklahoma or a part of the country where a considerable part of the agricultural economy consists of income derived from ranching can attest to the fact that rangeland is vast and that cattle in pasture is often times hard to monitor.

That's what makes this part of the story so disheartening; having grown up in an incredibly rural portion of North Dakota where ranching is common, I know that it would be hard to catch someone in the act of stealing a cow off of my family's or my neighbors' pastureland.

Maybe the increase in cattle rustling is just a side effect of record high prices, causing one head of cattle to be worth $3,000. The high price for one head justifies the risk and work for a meth addict to steal and fit a cow to sell at market without suspicion. Maybe cattle prices will decrease and disincentivize burglars from going through the trouble. It seems a bit like a catch-22; if cattle prices decrease, the risk of cattle theft will most likely decrease, but if cattle prices decrease, rancher revenue declines.

Regardless, this was an interesting story and is reminiscent of wilder days of the West.

Death Valley Spring Break

Exciting news: I committed to a Spring Break trip to Death Valley National Park with the NDSU Geosciences Department this week. 

Geosciences? Jodi, you have two majors and a minor, but geology is none of these!

That is correct. However, my minor is soil science and geology and soil science have an incredibly close relationship. There would be no soil on earth if there were not rocks from which soil could form from. 

Over Spring Break, Geosciences professors, one Soil Science professor, and a handful of students will venture to  one of the most inhospitable places on earth to learn about the valley's geology, ecology, and history. Each student is to create a chapter for a class guidebook and a corresponding talk for the trip. Mine of course will be somewhat associated with plants, specifically with how plants cope with living environments too stressful for others to live in and how those living environments formed from a geologic and edaphic perspective. 

As a lover of National Parks and nature, I am excited for the adventure and the chance to learn more about geology. It might be a skip, hop and a jump away from home but I know that the time spent there will be worth it. I look forward to sharing pictures of Death Valley and knowledge gained on the trip.

Growing Degree Day Calculations

More thoughts from my Cropping Systems: An Integrated Approach coming at ya this Saturday evening. The topic of our class's discussion this week dealt with solving agronomic problems in field, focusing in on using Growing Degree Day (GDD) calculations to figure out when damage could have occurred, or to help stage other events in a crop's life.

Growing Degree Day calculations are important because heat units can give a very reliable prediction on how far along a crop is. For example, it takes about 75 GDDs for wheat to put on another full leaf. (A picture of the different growth stages of wheat can be seen below) 

Wheat growth stage chart from the University of Illinois

So how are GDD's calculated? If the information is available, the formula is: 

This formula changes for different crops. The base minimum temperature for wheat is 37F, and the minimum temperature for corn and soybeans is 50F. There is also a maximum; the final average, to be considered for GDD units, should not be greater than 86F for corn and soybeans and no greater than 77F for wheat. 

Tomatoes and Bacon: Compliments

In my Agricultural Price Analysis class this past Tuesday, Tim Petry, NDSU Extension Livestock Economist, gave a talk on Applied Livestock Price Forecasting. The talk, covering an extensive and complicated subject, narrowed in on the wholesale pork belly yearly price line graph at one point during the lecture.

As we looked at the line graph, the line seemed constant except for a considerable peak during the month of August. In order to help our class figure out this increase in demand for pork bellies in August, Mr. Petry asked the class some questions.

He asked first, "What are wholesale pork bellies used for?" Half the class happily answered, "Bacon." He then asked, "What tastes really good with bacon in August?" No one answered, but there was obvious gear grinding in the heads of my peers, and my own.

With no answer, Mr. Petry proceeded, "BLT's taste great with bacon in August, of course!" And sure enough, as he went on to explain, gardeners across the country grow tomatoes and the month that they all ripen is the hot, dry month of August. And what do people do with a bunch of free tomatoes? Make BLT's, therefore increasing the demand for bacon and wholesale pork bellies, and because of the predictable pattern of tomatoes ripening in August, wholesalers of pork bellies raise prices for that predicted increase in demand.

These goods, where a decrease in the price of one good (in this case, free tomatoes) directly causes an increase in the demand for another (wholesale pork bellies, and therefore a price increase) are called "complementary goods" by economists. Other examples include peanut butter and jelly, whole turkeys and cranberries, and lettuce and salad dressing.

If Mr. Petry wouldn't have helped us to come to the conclusion that free tomatoes caused an increase in bacon demand in August, I would have stared at the line graph he gave in his notes for days and never thought that a decrease in tomato prices would cause an increase in wholesale pork belly prices.  Economics is fun!

Super Bowl and Agriculture

As the Super Bowl approaches us, an interesting topic of discussion is the appearance of agriculture related commercials during this big event. With prices for airtime being upwards of $4 million dollars for 30 seconds, I am appreciative of the air time that our nation's most fundamental industry has been given these past few years.

Farms.com has a great overview of this topic in the link listed below.

I look forward to this year's Super Bowl and am hopeful I will catch another glimpse of agricultural greatness.


http://www.farms.com/ag-industry-news/super-bowl-ads-highlight-agriculture-158.aspx

Components of Harvested Crop Dry Weight

This week in my Crop and Weed Sciences capstone class, Cropping Systems: An Integrated Approach, we were asked the question, what actually compromises the finished dry weight of the crops we harvest?

This led our class to venture guesses on what would contribute to that final weight.

Some groups guessed the initial seed, water and nutrients from the soil, photosynthesis, etcetera.

What our instructor told us at the end is that the elemental components of dry weight by percentage are about 45% carbon, 45% oxygen, 5% hydrogen, 2-3% nitrogen, and less than one percent phosphorus.

Looking closer at those yield components, 45% of grain dry weight is carbon. Plants get their carbon from the atmosphere in the form of CO₂. They have the same access to carbon dioxide that we do as humans from the atmosphere and yet, plants being the amazing factories they are, are able to break down that carbon dioxide and compress it into 45% of its seeds' dry weight. That's amazing if you ask me.